Thursday, December 26, 2019
Ludwig Van Beethoven And Western Music - 1262 Words
Beethoven is perhaps the most famous musician of all time. Ever since his death in 1827, he has been a principal figure in the history of Western Music. His influence later on was so enormous to other composers, that it actually intimidated them. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770, to a family of musicians at the royal court of Cologne. His name descended from his grandfather, who settled in Bonn in 1732. Both his father and grandfather were professional musicians who performed at the court of Elector. In the important town of Bonn. Beethoven was greatly respected, but his dad was more of a problem. Beethovenââ¬â¢s father, left him many unpleasant memories one starting off with him being an alcoholic. since he became an Alcoholic.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Financially, the first two years in Vienna were very difficult for Beethoven. His first home was in a basement. He had to spend money for furniture, a piano, and clothes, in order to make a name for himself. Even if his sense of style was not on point, his talent and personality made up for it. Most of his income were gifts from aristocrats, where he held concerts. Later, money came from authorââ¬â¢s rights ââ¬â he managed to publish his works right from the start, which was not an easy thing at that time. In the first years of his stay in Vienna he raised the extra money he needed from public concerts and tours. He didnââ¬â¢t like to be a teacher; nevertheless he gave private lessons, especially to young aristocratic girls. Usually they took lessons until they got married, after which they almost completely abandoned them. Among Beethovenââ¬â¢s students there were also famous pianists, talented and distinguished ladies like Tereza Brunswik or Dorothea Ertmann. (Beethovenââ¬â¢s fame was growing by the day. On March 29th-30th 1795, Beethoven was invited to his first Academy ââ¬â a charity event for the widows and orphans of musicians. On December 16th 1795, the already famous B eethoven was invited to Haydnââ¬â¢s Academy, despite the tense relationship between the two. In the same period, Beethoven had the satisfaction of yet another victory. For the artistââ¬â¢s annual ball, Viennaââ¬â¢s most acclaimed composers wrote dances:Show MoreRelatedThe Classical Romantic And Modern Era1058 Words à |à 5 PagesLudwig Van Beethoven was German Composer Pianist I have never thought of writing for reputation and honor. What I have in my heart must out; that is the reason why I compose Ludwig Van Beethoven piano compositions were published at the age of thirteen. He took a simple ideas creates his worksRead More Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay1285 Words à |à 6 Pages German composer and pianist, Ludwig van Beethoven, was born December 1770 and spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria. His first teacher was his alcoholic father, who worked as a musician at the Court of Bonn. Teaching him day and night, Ludwig suffered from his fathers harsh and erratic behavior. For a time, he and his father played at the Church. As his fathers alcoholism increased, Ludwig became the main musician. Beethovens talents were discovered at an early age, and he was sentRead MoreEssay about Life of Ludwig van Beethoven1182 Words à |à 5 PagesLife of Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven, also known as ââ¬Å" The General of Musicians,â⬠was born on December 16, 1770. However, this date is not exact because it is believed that Beethovenââ¬â¢s father lied about his sonââ¬â¢s age in order to portray him as an infant prodigy. As a result, Beethoven is convinced he was born on December 16, 1772 at the Rheingasse home, which belonged to the Fischers, who were close friends of the family (Orga 8). Johann van and Maria Magdalena BeethovenRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven1210 Words à |à 5 PagesLife of a Legend Ludwig van Beethoven, also known as The General of Musicians, was born on December 16, 1770. However, this date is not exact because it is believed that Beethovens father lied about his sons age in order to portray him as an infant prodigy. As a result, Beethoven is convinced he was born on December 16, 1772 at the Rheingasse home, which belonged to the Fischers, who were close friends of the family (Orga 8). Johann van and Maria Magdalena Beethoven bore five childrenRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1600 Words à |à 7 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is known for much of his musical accomplishments. One of his most famous is that he is deaf and yet one of the best musical composers of the classical and romanic area. Beethoven has always been one of my personal favorite composers. When I grew up and started taking piano, Beethoven s Fur Elise was my first large classical piece. Ever since that point on I insisted that when we were in Germany we see his home, and that we did. In this essay I will be explaining Ludwigs YouthRead MoreLudwig van Beethoven Essay952 Words à |à 4 Pagesclassical music period. Ludwig van Beethoven was one of the composers, along with other greats of the time like Haydn and Mozart, which helped to create a new type of music. This new music had full rich sounds created by the new construction of the symphony orchestra. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in the town of Bonn, Germany on December 16 of 1770. Bonn is located in western Germany on the Rhine River. Beethoven showed an affinity for music at an early age. His father, Johann, taught Ludwig toRead MoreThe Classical Era And The Age Of Enlightenment1123 Words à |à 5 PagesLudwig Van Beethoven was a musical masterpiece. He never let problems interfere with his work. He was born in the baroque period, lives a life of fifty-four years, and contributed so much romance in his life although never being married or having kids. Beethoven is well known for his work and will forever be known as a Romantic influencer. Beethoven dedicated his whole life to his music. He never let bad situations fully tear him apart from writing and playing music. The historical period that LudwigRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven900 Words à |à 4 PagesLudwig van Beethoven All throughout music history lived many composers that have impacted not only the societies in which they have lived in, but modern-day society as well. These particular composers have given many societies the chance to listen, feel and express themselves through music and instruments that were invented centuries ago that still remain essential components of music today. One example of a composer that changed the music world drastically was a man by the name of Ludwig van BeethovenRead MoreThe Greatest Composer Ever By Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart795 Words à |à 4 Pagesand Violin Concerto all share a common trait. If you said Ludwig van Beethoven, you would be correct. One of the greatest composer ever, only to be rivaled by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. He happened to be deaf when he created many of his famous works. Today, I am going to tell you about his childhood, early life, then to his later stages in life where he was deaf. But it was when he became deaf, he produced his greatest w orks of music. Ludwig was baptized on December 17, 1770 in Bonn Germany. ManyRead MoreBeethovens Life Outline1208 Words à |à 5 Pages1. Intro: Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was an innovator, widening the scope of sonata, symphony, concerto, and quartet, and combining vocals and instruments in a new way. His personal life was marked by a struggle against deafness, and some of his most important works were composed during the last 10 years of his life, when he was quite unable to hear. He is an crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, a pianist, a composer who remains one of
Wednesday, December 18, 2019
Love, Lust, and Tragedy in William Shakespeares Romeo and...
Love is the forceful attraction between two people blossomed from desire and intimacy. Lust is physical manifestation of what many would call love, but in reality this feeling can bend the will of any man and woman alike. Lust is power, it is passion, and it can motivate. One thing love and lust has in common: they have the ability to kill. Thus tragedy strikes a wary, yet inevitable, sentiment every person experiences at least once in their lifetime. Love in William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Romeo and Juliet Everybody knows Romeo and Juliet are supposedly in love; many think otherwise. For example, this love story is a romance, a love on a path with death. Ever heard of Bonnie and Clyde, Cleopatra and Marc Antony, or the couple from titanic? If soâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬Å"O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?â⬠(Shakespeare 104). LeMay Thinks Romeo and Juliet are not in love, its many concepts the story relates to, Romance, Star-Crossed Lovers, Taboo, but nonetheless these two are all but in love, LeMay says its lust, the overwhelming attraction that grasps us all. (LeMay). ââ¬Å"O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiopes ear; Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear!â⬠(Shakespeare 80). Which means, when Romeo first saw Juliet he is struck by amazement as a result of her beauty. Fantasy is a foreshadowing of what is to come. For example, Romeo and Juliet had their life together to look forward to, many disagree, but someone who thinks like Hazlitt might think otherwise. Cavendish thinks Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play introduces a character to his collection of female personalities in ââ¬Å"Romeo Julietâ⬠, Juliet, A young lady in her rising early teens thatââ¬â¢s on her way to grasping the concept of being ââ¬Å"Womanâ⬠(Cavendish). As said in Shakepeareââ¬â¢s Romeo and Juliet, ââ¬Å"stony limits cannot hold love out,And what love can do, that dares love attempt. ââ¬âWhen Juliet asks how he managed to get over the high wall to Capulets garden, Romeo replies that he flew on the wings of love, which is stronger thanShow MoreRelatedThe Plays of William Shakespeare681 Words à |à 3 PagesShakespeareââ¬â¢s Plays William Shakespeare, a British playwright and poet, is born in 1564. The exact day is not known. Shakespeare is baptized on April 25, so they say his birthday is April 23, 1564 (Boyce, Shakespeare). As an infant, he survives the plague that kills tons of people living near him. He is the son of John and Mary Arden Shakespeare. ââ¬Å"His father is a prosperous and prominent tradesman, bailiff, and alderman, who suffered a decline in fortune and prestigeâ⬠(Burt, Shakespeare). His fatherRead MoreEssay On Human Experience In Romeo And Juliet1054 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"For never was a story of more woe, than that of Juliet and her Romeoâ⬠. Good morning/afternoon [teacher] and class. Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play Romeo and Juliet conveys human experience effectively, as the use of tragic and comic genre conventions engages the audience as well as stays accurate to the current time period. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare circa 1595. The play consists of two love-struck protagonists who become star-crossed due to belonging to two rival families whoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet987 Words à |à 4 Pages William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Romeo and Juliet is centered around the tragic story of two ââ¬Å"star-crossââ¬â¢d loversâ⬠. A tragedy is a dramatic story that chronicles the downfall or death of a tragic hero. Tragedies usually depict the causes of a tragic heroââ¬â¢s downfall, which are most commonly a tragic choice or a tragic flaw. There is often some sort of greater power at play in tragedies, like fate. A key aspect of tragedies is both fate and free will leading to the downfall of a tragic hero. In William Shakespeareââ¬â¢sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words à |à 4 PagesWilliam Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The t wo fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1094 Words à |à 5 Pagesprologue of Romeo and Juliet uses quite a few extreme words, which, being a romantic tragedy written by William Shakespeare, has many hidden meanings, many of which are demonstrated through foreshadowing. Shakespeare, a playwright from the Elizabethan era who wrote many famous plays, was well know for his play on words, which often prefigures a later event in the play. In William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Romeo and Juliet, the Act Two prologue foreshadows the extreme themes of death and blindness, love versusRead MoreRomeo a nd Juliet Research Paper2101 Words à |à 9 PagesSuperior Character in Romeo and Juliet The play of Romeo and Juliet is different from William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s other tragedies in that there is not a clear distinction of individual heroes. The two protagonists are more passive than active; both are naà ¯ve and lacking understanding. The hero is often thought to be the romantic, yet often hysterical, Romeo. But Romeoââ¬â¢s immoral background, emotional outbursts, mishap murders, and foolish actions make him a poor candidate for a hero. Juliet proves to be moreRead More Conflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1676 Words à |à 7 PagesConflict in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play about the love relationship between the young Romeo and Juliet, who belong to 2 ancient family names that hold a grudge against each other, the Montagues and the Capulets. There are also many other conflicts which ultimately stop Romeo and Juliet form being together. The story was written by the famous play writer, William Shakespeare, and originated the poem, the Tragicalle HistoryeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hometown Of The English Language And The World s Best Dramatist1266 Words à |à 6 Pages Although many knew him as a keen businessman in his hometown of Stratford, William Shakespeare is recognized as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s best dramatist. (www.goodreads.com) He wrote hundreds of songs, plays, books, and poems. During his time, his plays were well under-appreciated and a lot of his work did not appear until seven years after his death. Without Shakespeare, the English language would have never expanded at the rate it did, erasing many common wordsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1128 Words à |à 5 Pagescase with William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Romeo and Juliet. This play is centred on two adolescents, Romeo and Juliet who are blinded by love. Alas, the love that brought them together is ultimately what leads to their demise. The blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet can only rest on the mselves. This is due to the facts that they formed a marriage hastily, they had a defective, sexually driven relationship, and they committed the mistakes of making lamentable decisions. Firstly, Romeo and Juliet worked rashlyRead MoreRomeo and Juliet: Movie vs. Play Essay936 Words à |à 4 Pagesall the treasures in the world, true love is of the most valued. They say that when you are truly in love, the universe around you simply stops, and no one else matters except you and your love. Love has the mesmerizing beauty of a stunning red rose, but it also has spiteful thorns surrounding it. But between friends and family, love can quickly go from black and white to shades of grey and can become fatal and suspenseful. William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, portrays how an attraction between
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Ferris Buellers Day Off free essay sample
Ferris Bueller is the type of kid who is always testing his limits during times he should not be. He knows exactly who he can pick on, it just so happens that the vice principal of his school, Mr. Rooney, is one of those people. On this particular skip day, Rooney, is on to him and his phony illness. Ferris had it made; out of school for the day with his best friend, Cameron, but that was not enough, he wanted more. He wanted Sloane. Ferris, being the sly genius that he is, devised a plan to make that happen. Moments later, Mr. Rooney receives a phone call (from who he believes to be Ferris impersonating Sloaneââ¬â¢s father). While he is in the middle of threatening this man on the phone, he receives a call on the other line. Who could it be from? Well, Ferris Bueller of course. Once Rooney realizes that he just strung together some of the nastiest words the English language has to offer and directed them towards a parent, he is catapulted in to a long line of apologies. At this point, Rooney will do anything for this enraged parent so he does not lose his job. It is later discovered that the mysterious man on the phone asking for Sloane to be released from school was Cameron. Ferrisââ¬â¢ plan was executed perfectly. This is one of my favorite scenes from the movie Ferris Buellerââ¬â¢s Day Off because it portrays all of the characters so perfectly. Ferris is a manipulative teenage boy who always seems to do whatever he wants and never gets caught. His best friend, Cameron, is someone who plays by the rules, because of his timid, dull lifestyle. These contradicting personalities prove to be beneficial to both characters throughout the course of the film. Vice Principal Rooney plays the role of the villain; he is trying to ruin Ferrisââ¬â¢ skip day and force him to repeat his senior year. He has a very old school way of doing things, which does not clash well with Ferrisââ¬â¢ ideal lifestyle. A perfect representation of all the characters in Ferris Buellerââ¬â¢s Day Off can be found in the Dark Knight Rises. Ferris is constantly doing whatever spontaneous activity he wants and always getting away with it, no matter the severity of the situation. Whether he is doing something as innocent as cutting class, or something as severe as claiming to be someone that he is not at the nicest restaurant in town, he always finds a way out. He is always pushing Cameron to live a little. While Cameron wants to sit in his room and complain about how sick he is, Ferris convinces him to come over and hit the town. In this respect, Ferris is very relatable to Bruce Wayne (Batman). They are both constantly pushing their admirers to be all that they can be. Just like Wayne is a mentor to John Blake (Robin), Ferris is a role model to Cameron. Although Ferris and Wayne are different in the way they handle situations (Ferris being mentally strong and Batman being physically strong), they are very similar in their willingness to give or help others, in a sense. Another similarity between Ferris and Batman is the fact that they both have a kind of second identity. When Batman is not out saving the world from the latest villain, he is Bruce Wayne. Wayne is a billionaire genius who requires a crutch to walk around. Ferris does not have as distinct of an alter ego, but he definitely acts different around various people. Around his parents, Ferris is an innocent little boy who is quite ill. They believed he could never hurt a fly. Around Cameron, Ferris is typically more spontaneous, because he feels he has to make up for what Cameron lacks. Around Sloane, Ferris is a sweet, loving boy whom she will one day marry. I really enjoyed Ferrisââ¬â¢ character because he was entertaining to watch. I never knew what stunt he was going to pull next, and I thought that was hilarious. Cameron is the most relatable character in the movie, because he fits the description of Robin almost perfectly. Both characters are very unsure of themselves in the beginning of their respected movies, but towards the end they both show that they had changed into a man in their own ways. Cameron, at the very beginning, is a pathetic excuse for a man. He never takes any risks, never has any fun; he is living in constant fear of his father. Once Ferris convinces him to get out of bed and go have some fun, the transformation from boy to man has already begun. He becomes more easy-going and exciting as the movie progresses, although he remains reluctant to all of Ferrisââ¬â¢ actions. The final transformation occurs at the end of the movie when they have the back of his dadââ¬â¢s prized car up on an axel, so they can take the miles off of it and not get caught. Once Ferris realizes that the miles are not coming off, he alerts Cameron. In a fury, Cameron kicks the car repeatedly, destroying the headlights and front bumper, until the axel becomes dislodged. Satisfied with the destruction he has caused, Cameron leans on the car in a content manor. This little bit of weight is enough to finish pushing the car off the axel, sending Cameron tumbling to the ground to watch as the Porsche shoots out of the second story garage into the untamed wilderness below. As the car lay in the bushes, completely destroyed, Ferris says that he will accept the blame, that it was his fault. Cameron declines his offer. With his rejection of the offer, Cameron was accepting the wrath that was his fatherââ¬â¢s anger. Cameron had officially become a man. I really enjoyed Cameronââ¬â¢s character, because he is the most relatable to me. Just a few years ago, I was a lost boy, much like Cam in the beginning. I did not know who I was or what I wanted to do with myself. Slowly, I started finding things that peak my interest. I got involved and took the initiative to find things for me to do. I had stepped up and become a man. Mr. Rooney is a very interesting character. He always thinks that he has Ferris with his back against the wall and nowhere to go, but Ferris always weasels his way out of it. Rooneyââ¬â¢s persistence really tells a lot about him. The fact that he never gives up, even after being completely beaten, bruised, and used as a chew toy by the Buellerââ¬â¢s dog really shows just how much he hates Ferris. It shows that he really is an evil person, much like the character of Bane in Dark Knight Rises. Bane is hungry for power and he will not let anything stand between them. He will beat someone senseless if they even think about crossing him. Mr. Rooney, much like Bane, had a very old school type of masculinity about him. Both of these characters are very physical and take matters into their own hands. I did not care much for Rooneyââ¬â¢s aggressive character. While he was a very funny person to watch, I did not understand why he did everything that he did. Some of his actions were just so far-fetched; it kept me from being too sucked in to the movie. Ferrisââ¬â¢ character is also quite extreme, but I found him to be more relatable and likeable, primarily because of how close we are in age. Rooneyââ¬â¢s character was the most irrational part of the movie, in my eyes. Jeanie is Ferrisââ¬â¢ sister in the movie. She starts out a jealous character who has nothing to be jealous about at all. She has the reputation of being the bad kid of the family, in her parentââ¬â¢s eyes. In reality, the bad kid of the family is Ferris. He never gets caught doing anything that he could get in trouble for. However, anytime Jeanie does something bad, she gets caught. One can understand how frustrating this would become after many instances. I saw Jeanie as a character who is too busy wanting what Ferris has to ever be grateful for what she has. If she would just take a step back from the jealousy, she would realize that there are plenty of things she has that Ferris does not. For example, Ferris does not have a car while Jeanie does. Ferris got a computer for his birthday even though all he wanted was a car. He does not spend time worrying about things that other people have, because that can lead to jealousy. Instead, he is just living his life to the fullest. I prefer someone like Ferris more than Jeanie; she is too controlling and jealous for my taste. I found Ferris and his crew to be a quite hilarious team; they did everything they wanted and never even got caught. Although Cam will have to face his dad and tell him what happened, we can all agree that everything happened for the best regarding that; Cameron finally became a real man. I believe that anyone can find something humorous in this movie. Parents can relate to how mad Cameronââ¬â¢s dad is going to be when he finds out about the car, while the kids will giggle when Ferris takes over the whole parade; it truly is one for the ages.
Monday, December 2, 2019
Test 1 Essays - Characters In Hamlet, English-language Films, Film
Test 1 How does Horatio interpret the appearance of the ghost? Horatio interprets the appearance of the ghost as bad things will happen to the country of Denmark. The ghost appears to look like the dead king of Denmark in the armour he wore when he fought the King of Norway. Where is the University at which Horatio and Hamlet studied? Wittenberg What does young Fortinbras want to do? Young Fortinbras wants to invade Denmark, to honor the death of his father. In his soliloquy, what are Hamlet's reasons for objecting to his mother's marriage? Hamlet feels that his mother, Gertrude should have mourned for a longer period of time . Instead she remarries King Hamlet's brother, Claudius. Her urge to get in bed illustrates that she is greedy. In the beginning of the act who does Polonius send to spy on Laertes? His servant, Reynaldo. What does Ophelia tell her father? Ophelia tells Polonius that Hamlet has gone crazy. Hamlet enters her room as she is sewing; his clothes are disheveled, and his look is piteous. Why does Marcellus think Horatio should speak to the ghost? Marcellus thinks Horatio should speak to the ghost because he will know what to say to him. He is a "scholar" and is educated. He's also a great friend of Hamlet. What is the nature of the Player's speeches in Act 2? They tell of Priam's queen, who, when Priam is struck down by Pyrrhus, cries out in agony at her loss. What play does Hamlet ask the troupe to perform? Murder of Gonzago Identify Polonius, Laertes, Reynaldo, Ophelia, and Gertrude, from the play? Polonius: He is the Lord of the court and an advisor to King Claudius. He is also the father of Laertes and Ophelia. Laertes: The son of Polonius and the brother of Ophelia. He wants to go back to France. Reynaldo: Polonius's servant Ophelia: The daughter of Polonius, and sister to Laertes. Gertrude: The Queen of Denmark. She is Hamlet's mother. She married Claudius shortly after her husband died. She loves Hamlet. What is Polonius's excuse for Hamlet's behaviour, and why does he think this ? Polonius tells the king and queen, in a very roundabout way, that he has discovered Hamlet's foiled love of Ophelia, and that he believes this lost love to be the root cause of Hamlet's madness. Claudius asks how they might prove this to be the case. Polonius has a plan. He offers to loose Ophelia on Hamlet while he is reading alone in the library. Meanwhile, he suggests, he and Claudius could hide behind a tapestry and observe the meeting. Claudius agrees. Why does Hamlet look at Claudius with contempt? Hamlet refuses to recognize the marriage between Claudius and Gertrude( 1), He refuses to accept Claudius as King as he had taken the life of Hamlet's father. Why does Claudius not want Hamlet to go to Wittenberg? In Shakespeare's Hamlet , I don't believe that Claudius wants Hamlet to fore go his return to Wittenburg because he considers him a risk. Human nature is such that out of the company of his uncle and mother, Hamlet would adjust in time. Hamlet delivers a lengthily soliloquy at the end of Act 2 scene 2. Why is he so upset with himself? What plan does he come up w ith at the end of the soliloquy? In Hamlet's soliloquy at the end of Act 2, Scene 2, Hamlet is working through his internal struggle. He struggles with the inappropriate relationship between Gertrude and Claudius and laments over the fact that he has not done anything about it. He is essentially "beating himself up" over the fact that his only plan in dealing with this is to wait and let God be the judge of the incest between the two characters. Something is rotten in the State of Denmark. This line is spoken by Marcellus to Horatio. Marcellus is not just referring to things to come when he says that "something is rotten in the state of Denmark," but of things already visited upon them -- the ghost itself and the war with Norway. 2. During Hamlet's soliloquy, he uses a metaphor to say Claudius will corrupt
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)